After reviewing The Rhetorical Triangle information, compare and contrast how different the two following articles are on naps with regard to their audience, purpose, and effectiveness.
HERE is the 2 reading for you to compare: you should quickly see how different they are in style and strategic approach)
Reading 1: Naptime is not just for kindergarteners. A whole body of research shows that a midday snooze can increase
productivity and alertness in the workplace. Naps can often be the perfect weapons to combat midafternoon
sluggishness, which tends to hit between 2 and 5 p.m. NEWSWEEK spoke to Helene Emsellem, author of
“Snooze…or Lose! Ten ‘No War’ Ways to Improve Your Teen’s Sleep Habits” about how, when and where to do
the best napping:
1. The Odd Couple: Coffee and a Nap Turns out that a cup of joe won’t ruin your nap, it will enhance it. A 2003
Japanese study found that you can alleviate sleepiness by combining a short snooze with coffee. Sound
counterintuitive? Here’s how it works: caffeine takes about 20 minutes to a half-hour to kick in, just enough time
for you to nap. That way, if you’ve had a coffee-primed nap, the benefits are twofold: you’ve rested and you’re
ready to go when you wake. The British Transportation Department even provides drivers with the following
recommendation to combat driver fatigue: “Stop, drink two cups of coffee or a highly caffeinated drink, then take
a short nap.” Think of a nap as a free extra shot in your latte.
2. The Nicest Nap: Hour Emsellem says that 2 or 3 p.m. is the ideal nap hour—late enough to fit into your
natural siesta zone but early enough that it will not interfere with your night sleep. Also take your afternoon
schedule into consideration when making nap plans. If you can, Emsellem recommends taking your
midafternoon snooze just prior to a big meeting. Dozing right before the meeting will make sure you’re not
drifting off during the meeting.
3. Length Does Matter: A good nap length is somewhere between 20 and 30 minutes. This will give you the
restorative benefits of sleep without the lethargy or grogginess—what Emsellem calls “sleep drunkenness.”
4. Making the Bed: Location may be the toughest nap quandary. If your company has a health or nurse’s room,
that could make a good place for snoozing. If that’s not an option, you may have to turn your cubicle into a
makeshift nap room—but that means you’ll probably have to be all right with curling up under your desk.
Heading to your parked car is another option—but of course you should make sure a window is open and the
engine is not running.
5. Set an Alarm: Chances are, if you’re tired enough to take a nap, you will not magically wake up on your own
accord. So set an alarm, both to avoid the grogginess of a long nap and to make sure you don’t sleep through
anything important.
6. Keep It Consistent: Emsellem suggests working that 20-minute nap into a particular sleep routine to make it
part of your body’s expected circadian rhythm. The easiest way to do that is by using a sleep log to record your
snoozing habits.
7. Be an Alert Napper: If you always feel the need for a nap, think about your nightly sleep schedule. Are you
down to only five or six hours? While a 20-minute nap is a good refresher, it will not make up for hours lost at
night. Conversely, if you’re getting eight hours of sleep each night yet still feel the need to nap, that might be the
sign of a sleep disorder, or another health problem, so check with your physician or check out the National
Sleep Foundation or the American Academy of Sleep Medicine for more sleep resources
READING 2:
To investigate whether repeated within-day testing on a percep-
tual learning task can impair performance, subjects were tested on
the TDT four times in a single day (at 9 a.m., 12 p.m., 4 p.m. and
7 p.m.). Each session lasted approximately 60 minutes. For each
session, the speed of perceptual processing was calculated as the
threshold target-to-mask interstimulus interval (ISI) needed to
achieve 80% accuracy. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned
to one of three groups: control, long nap or short nap. Control
subjects (n = 10) showed a 52% slowing in perceptual process-
ing across the four test sessions (Fig. 1, filled circles; P = 0.0003,
repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc
tests). Thus, with each successive session, subjects needed increas-
ingly longer exposures to the stimuli to reliably identify targets.
Performance deteriorated despite all testing being done within
12 hours of morning awakening, a time when one would not nor-
mally expect to see cognitive impairment, and without prior sleep
deprivation. Subjects averaged 6.92 ± 0.77 (s.d.) hours of sleep
on the night before testing.
Can daytime sleep reverse perceptual deterioration?
As nocturnal sleep is known to enhance alertness and to consol-
idate TDT learning9,14,19,22, we asked whether a daytime nap
might stop or even reverse the process of deterioration seen with
repeated within-day testing. The remaining 20 subjects were ran-
domly assigned to a long (60-minute) or short (30-minute) nap
condition. All subjects, including no-nap controls, performed
the task four times during the day; experimental subjects took a nap at 2 p.m.—midway between the second and third test ses-
sions. As predicted, napping significantly affected subsequent
performance (P = 0.001, group × session interaction, mixed-
model ANOVA): short naps prevented the normal deterioration
that was seen in test sessions 3 and 4 (Fig. 1, open circles) and
long naps reversed the deterioration seen in the second test ses-
sion (Fig. 1, open triangles). Thus, whereas controls showed a
14.1-ms increase in ISI threshold between the second and third
sessions, the short nap group showed no change (<1-ms increase)
and the long nap group showed a 20.9-ms decrease (P = 0.03,
paired t-test). The short nap group showed no significant change
in ISI thresholds across the last three sessions (P = 0.94), but did
show significantly lower thresholds in the fourth session than did
controls (P = 0.01). The long nap group showed significantly bet-
ter performance than controls on both the third and fourth ses-
sions (P = 0.03). We compared the distributions of sleep stages
in long naps versus short naps (Tab le 1) and found no signifi-
cant differences in the amount of time spent in stage 1 or stage 2
sleep. There was, however, a difference for SWS and REM sleep:
the long naps contained 4.1—4.4 times more SWS and REM sleep
than the short naps did. This matches the SWS and REM depen-
dency reported for overnight improvement on the task14, sug-
gesting that processes occurring during SWS and/or REM
underlie sleep-induced perceptual recovery.
We compared naps taken on the day of TDT testing with base-
line naps taken on a different day (see Methods) and found that
the long nap group spent significantly more time in SWS on the
test day (27.4 versus 20.9 minutes, P < 0.05, one-tailed paired t-
test) at the expense of time in stage 2 sleep (17.9 versus
25.0 minutes, P = 0.06) (Fig. 2). This large increase in SWS in test-
day naps (31% over baseline) suggests that SWS is crucial for post-
nap performance, perhaps through stabilizing and consolidating
plastic neuronal changes from earlier in the day. Such a function
has previously been proposed for nocturnal SWS (refs. 23—25).
The role of REM, however, is less clear.
The increase in time spent in REM during
test-day naps compared with baseline naps
(60% increase) was larger than that seen for
SWS, but was not statistically significant
(Fig. 2). Similar post-training REM sleep
increases have been reported in animal stud-
ies of sleep-dependent learning26. In the
short nap condition, there was no signifi-
cant change in SWS (9.2 minutes on test
day versus 6.7 minutes baseline) or REM
(0.8 minutes on test day versus 2.0 minutes
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